Chapter 14: Pests of Food and Ornamental Gardens
General
Flint , M.L. 1990.Pests of the Garden and Small Farm : A Grower ’s pathfinder to Using Less Pesticide . Richmond , CA . : University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services . 276 pp . This beautifully illustrated issue summarizes IPM approach to more than a hundred pest insect , weeds , and industrial plant diseases chance in the United States and Canada .
Bradley , F.M. , B.W. Ellis , and E. Phillips . 2009.Ultimate Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening , rev . ed . New York , NY . : Rodale Press . 708 pp .
Dreistadt , S.H. , M.L. Flint , and J.K. Clark . 2004.Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs , Second Edition . Richmond , CA . : University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services ( publishing 3359 ) . 502 pp .
Aphids
Blackman , R. 1974.Aphids . London : Ginn and Co. 175 pp . A good intro to aphid biology , bionomics , behavior , and methods of investigation , with example ( some in color ) of vulgar species and raw enemies .
Blackman , R.L. , and V.F. Eastop . 1984.Aphids On the World ’s Crops : An Identification Guide . New York : John Wiley . 466 pp . This monumental piece of work makes the identification of aphid pest of farming accessible to the pest manager for the first clock time . It hold illustrate headstone to the more than 250 coinage of aphid that occur on commercially of import crops , including some ornamentals . There are two alphabetized identification lean , the first by harvest plant , the 2nd by aphid specie .
van den Bosch , R. , P.S. Messinger , and A.P. Gutierrez . 1982.An debut to Biological Control . New York : Plenum . 247 pp . This is the best introductory workplace on the subject . It covers the account , basic construct , and instance of pest control by instinctive enemies . The first - number author of this book teach us and provided support for our workplace at a time when the university residential district was mostly very hostile to our efforts . He was an expert in authoritative biological control ; that is , the import of raw enemies to see to it invaded aphids and other pests .
Cucumber Beetles
Branson , T.F. , et al . 1983.Resistance to larvae ofDiabrotica virgifera virgiferain three experimental maize cross . Environmental Entomology12(5 ): 1509 - 1512 . Three observational lemon hybrids show electric resistance to larvae of the westerly Zea mays rootworm . This is the first report card of resistance to larvae of corn rootworms .
Fielding , D.J. , and W.G. Rusink . 1985.Varying sum of bait influences numbers of western and northerly edible corn rootworms ( Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae ) caught in cucurbitacin trap . Journal of Economic Entomology78(5):1138 - 1144 . This study reveal that increasing spirit level of small-grained squash bait caught higher number of western and northerly corn rootworms in cucurbitacin traps . Details on trap use and structure are provided .
Fisher , J.R. , et al . 1984.Use of usual squash cultivars , Cucurbitaspp . , for mass collection of corn rootworm beetles , Diabroticaspp . ( Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae).Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society57(3):409 - 412 .
Of nine cultivars of four Cucurbita species , the blossoms of the wintertime squash rackets ( C. maxima‘Blue Hubbard ’ ) attracted the most rootworm adults . More female person then males were collected from all cultivars .
Jackson , J. 1986.Personal communication . Agricultural Research Service , North Central Region , Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory , Brookings , South Dakota . The information about the economic consumption ofSteinernema carpocapsaewas kindly offer by Dr. Jackson .
Krysan , J.L. , and T.F. Branson . 1983.“Biology , ecology , and distribution ofDiabrotica ” inProfessional International Maize Virus Disease Colloquium and Workshop , Wooster , Ohio , August 26 , 1982 , eds . D.T. Gordon , et al . pp . 144 - 150 . ( usable from : Ohio State University , Agricultural Research and Development Center , Wooster , OH 44691 . ) A inadequate review article summarizing the distribution , life cycles , host plant relationships , and dispersal mechanisms of the diabroticites . SevenDiabroticaspecies in North America and 333 species worldwide are key . The Book of Numbers and biology of the different groups are described .
Krysan , J.L. , and T.A. Miller , eds . 1986.Methods for the Study of pestDiabrotica . New York : Springer - Verlag . 260 pp . This book is for the most part implicated with research methods . The preface by R.L. Metcalf provides economic idea of the costs of beetle control and damage to corn whiskey , including the billion - dollar design cite in this chapter . The basic chapter reviews the biology , distribution , and identification of pestDiabrotica , and admit mapping of the distribution of major pest species . The adult beetle compendium proficiency discover in this chapter ( p. 311 ) came from Chapter 8 , and the description of cucurbitacin bait ( p.313 ) came from Chapter 4 .
Krysan , J.L. , et al . 1982.“Corn rootworm biology ” inEighth Annual Illinois Crop Protection Workshop , March 9 - 11 , 1982 , pp . 59 - 64 . ( uncommitted from : Cooperative Extension Service , University of Illinois , Champaign / Urbana , IL 61820 . ) This authoritative followup of the biological science of the northern and western edible corn rootworm ( then calledD. longicornis barberi ) also trace the early account of rootworm management . Early ethnic practices were successful in control corn rootworms through crop rotary motion . The change in the status of the northern edible corn rootworm from non - pest to pest in the 1860s was associated with implant edible corn without rotation . Rotations at that time were long , with corn planted in only one of four long time . More late chronicle is also reviewed .
Krysan , J.L. , et al . 1984.Field termination of egg diapause in Diabrotica with Modern evidence of extended diapause inD. barberi(Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae).Environmental Entomology13(5):1237 - 1240 . This clause reports that a small pct of northern corn rootworm eggs ( less than 7 % ) hatch without pic to field condition in the laboratory . Some eggs , about 40 % , show up an extended diapause that required two iciness periods .
Ladd , T.L. 1984.Eugenol - come to attractants for the northerly corn whisky rootworm ( Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae).Journal of Economic Entomology77(2 ): 339 - 341 . Two eugenol - related substances , 2 - methoxy-4 - propylphenol and isoeugenol , were like with eugenol in their power to pull in northern corn rootworm adults .
Ladd , T.L. , et al . 1983.Eugenol , a young attractant for the northerly corn rootworm ( order Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae).Journal of Economic Entomology76(5):109 - 1051 . This was the first paper read that eugenol was attractive to the northerly corn whiskey rootworm and not the westerly corn rootworm .
Ladd , T.L. , et al . 1984.Influence of color and height of eugenol - baited mucilaginous traps on attractiveness to northern maize rootworm beetles ( Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae).Journal of Economic Entomology77(3):652 - 654 . Eugenol - tantalise sticky gob positioned outside cornfields were most attractive when paint yellow and rank 0 in . to 10 in . ( 25 cm ) above the ground .
Ladd , T.L. , et al . 1985.Corn rootworms ( order Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae ): responses to eugenol and 8 R - methyl-2R - decyl propanoate . Journal of Economic Entomology78(4):844 - 847 . Sticky traps tantalise with eugenol captured as many northern corn rootworm beetles as sand trap baited with eugenol and the sex pheromone 8 R - methyl-2R - decyl propanoate ( MDP ) . Eugenol gob bewitch importantly more females than did trap baited only with the pheromone .
Leung , A.Y. 1980.Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used In Food , Drugs , and Cosmetics . New York : John Wiley . 409 pp . This encyclopaedia includes an extensive listing of plant sources for eugenol .
Lew , A.C. , and G.R. Sutter . 1985.Toxicity of insecticides to northerly corn rootworm ( Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae ) larva . Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society58(3):547 - 549 .
Olkowski , W. 1986.Integrated pest direction for edible corn rootworms and cucumber vine beetles . The IPM Practitioner8(11/12):1 - 8 . A shortsighted but in - depth review of research written for Farmer and pest control advisors .
Cutworms
cylindrical lining , M.K. , and F.T. Turpin . 1976.Oviposition predilection of black cutworm moths among various crop plants , weeds , and plant debris . Journal of Economic Entomology69(5 ): 587 - 590 . Of 14 crop and weed species and harvest rubble tested for oviposition druthers , curly loading dock , and yellow rocket table mustard were retrieve to be the most attractive ; corn and soybeans were among the least attractive .
cylindrical lining , M.K. , and F.T. Turpin . 1977.Survival and development of grim cutworm ( Agrotis ipsilon ) larvae on various species of crop industrial plant and Mary Jane . Environmental Entomology6(1 ): 63 - 65 . Nineteen of 23 Indiana cornfields with cutworm scathe prove temperate to overweight weed growth prior to planting . Of 16 potential food reference declare oneself to larvae , natural selection was highest on bluegrass , curly wharf , and pale yellow , whereas no larvae survived on elephantine foxtail grass or detritus .
Flint , M.L. , et al . 1985.Integrated Pest Management for Cole Crops and Lettuce . Bishop Berkeley : University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources ( Publication 3307 ) . 112 pp . This volume , like others in the series , contains summaries of work done by many investigators , as well as fantabulous color photographs by Jack Clark . It include some useful info on cutworm biological science and conditions in California cole and lettuce crops . Unfortunately , specific technique and concepts are not traceable to rootage document due to a lack of adequate citation .
Foster , M.A. , and W.G. Ruesink . 1984.Influence of flowering weed associated with reduced tillage in corn on a pitch-dark cutworm ( Lepidoptera : Noctuidae ) parasitoid , Meteorus rubens(Nees von Esenbeck).Environmental Entomology13:664 - 668 . lab studies show that when the major calamitous cutworm parasitoidMeteorus rubenswas provided with any of five flowering weed species it lived longer , attacked more hosts , and bring forth more offspring than those not offered a intellectual nourishment rootage .
Metcalf , C.L. , and W.P. Flint . 1928.Destructive and Useful Insects , Their Habits and Control . New York : McGraw - Hill . 918 pp . This classical work contains much utile information about cutworms , including baiting proficiency .
Metcalf , R.L. , and R.A. Metcalf . 1992.Destructive and utile Insects , Their Habits and Control , Fifth Edition . New York , N.Y. : McGraw - Hill . 1200 pp . The original is still available and it appear the 5thedition is publish by C.L. ’s children and has IPM Methods and Tactics .
Redmond , J. 1982.Cutworm integrated pest management : an foundation . IPM Practitioner4(7):5 - 8 . This short review article describes cutworm biology , monitor organization , economic thresholds , weed management , and biologic ascendence research up to 1982 . We used it extensively in preparing the information on cutworm in the original chapter .
Wilson , M.C. , et al . 1980.Practical Insect Pest Management , Vol . 2 , Insects of Livestock and Agronomic Crops , 2nd ed . Boulder , Colo. : Waveland Press . 198 pp . This record book hold a short section on the blackened cutworm ( Agrotis ipsilon ) .
Yepsen , R.B. , Jr. , ed . 1984.Encyclopedia of Natural Insect and Disease Control . Emmaus , Pa. : Rodale . 490 pp . Yepsen recommend using molasses in baits and as a sticky ambuscade . He say that mixing adequate parts of sawdust and wheat berry bran with enough molasses and water to make the assortment muggy will run as a trap in which the cutworm will die after getting stuck .
Earwigs
Carroll , D.P. , and S.C. Hoyt . 1984.Augmentation of European earwig ( order Dermaptera : Forficulidae ) for biologic control condition of apple aphid ( Homoptera : Aphididae ) in an Malus pumila orchard . Journal of Economic Entomology77:738 - 740 . This article describes method for augmenting earwig numbers so as to increase predation on Malus pumila aphid .
Clausen , C.P. , ed . 1978.Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds : A World Review . Washington , D.C. : USDA ( Handbook 480 ) . 545 pp . Includes information on parasitoid importations for control of earwigs .
Ebeling , W. 1975.Urban bugology . Berkeley : University of California Division of Agricultural Science . 695 pp . include basic information on earwig biology and ascendency .
Fulton , B.B. 1924.Some riding habit of earwigs . Annals of the Entomological Society of America17:357 - 367 . A paper name earwig behavior and other information at the clip these insects were first regain in North America .
Gophers
Golan , J. 1985.Personal communication . Jack Golan of the Marin County Department of Parks and Recreation in San Rafael , California , provided information on the lawn mower C monoxide fumigation proficiency described on p. 323 .
Logsdon , G. 1983.Wildlife in Your Garden , or dish out with Deer , Rabbits , Raccoons , Moles , Crows , hedge sparrow , and Other of Nature ’s Creatures . Emmaus , Pa. : Rodale . 268 pp . This book is for the suburban or rural home proprietor who wants to appeal and understand wildlife around the house and railway yard . It also check a discussion of tactics for excluding wildlife when it is nettlesome .
Olkowski , W. , and H. Olkowski . 1980.Managing the Transition to an Integrated Pest Management Program on Department of Water Resources Levees , Final Report , July 1 , 1979 to June 30 , 1980 . 289 pp . ( Available from : BIRC , P.O. Box 7414 , Berkeley , CA 94707 . ) This report include a 25 - page inspection of the lit on gopher biota and management and a proposed IPM program for gopher direction on levees maintained by the California State Department of Water Resources .
Salmon , T. , and R. Lickliter . 2006.Wildlife Pest Control Around Gardens and Homes . Berkeley , CA . : University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources , Second Edition ( Publication 21385 ) . 122 pp . ( Available from : ANR Communication Services , 1301 S. 46thStreet , Building 478 - MC 3580 , Richmond , CA 94804 . ) Some of the methods draw in this chapter were establish on information from this excellent conjunctive reference booklet .
Root Maggots
Brooks , A.R. 1951.Identification of the source maggot ( order Diptera : Anthomyiidae ) attacking cruciferous garden crops in Canada , with notes on biology and dominance . Canadian Entomology83(5):109 - 120 . base on a field survey carried out in Canada during 1946 and 1947 and subsequent work of collections , Brooks name 30 species of Diptera relate with cruciferous plant roots . A cay to these coinage is provided .
Clausen , C.P. , et al . 1977.Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds : a World Review . Washington , D.C. : USDA ( Handbook 480 ) . 551 pp . The review of root maggot signal thatAleochara bilineataand the cynipidTrybliographa ( Cothonaspis ) rapaewere already present in Canada when a relatively heavy importing program was conducted with the same parasitoids from Europe . Includes a short biological sum-up .
Colhoun , E.H. 1953.Notes on the stagecoach and the biology ofBaryodma ontarionisCasey ( order Coleoptera : Staphylinidae ) , a parasite of the cabbage maggot , Hylemya brassicaeBouche ( order Diptera : Anthomyiidae).Can . Entomol.85(1):1 - 8.B. ontarionis , now believed to beAleochara bilineata , is pictured in the orchis and adult stage . Rearing method and biological item are described .
Finlayson , D.G. , et al . 1980.Interactions of insecticide , a carabid predator , a staphylinid parasite , and cabbage maggot in cauliflower . Environmental Entomology9(6):789 - 794 . Untreated cauliflower plants averaged 31 % , 43 % and 62 % parasitism byAleochara bilineataover the three - year time period between 1976 and 1978 . The article quote another paper where it was estimated that two carabid metal money destroyed more than 90 % of the first - genesis dinero maggot eggs .
Flint , M.L. , et al . , 1992.Integrated Pest Management for Cole Crops and Lettuce , rev . ed . Berkeley : University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources ( Publication 3307 ) . 112 pp . The sample system and injury levels discover in this chapter and the musical theme for using purple sticky traps come from this source .
Moore , I. , and E.F. Legner . 1971.Host track record of bloodsucking staphylinids of the genusAleocharain America ( Coleoptera : Staphylinidae).Annals of the Entomological Society of America64:1184 - 1185 . Lists host records for eight of the 87Aleocharaspecies known to be from North America at that time . TheHylemyaspecies number as hosts of bothA. bilineataandA. bipustulataarebrassicae , platura , andfloralis . H. planipalpusis also list as a host ofA. bilineata .
Swan , L.A. , and C.S. Papp . 1972.The Common Insects of North America . New York : Harper and Row . 750 pp . An excellent general source book of account with short description , tune drawing , and brief note of hand about most agricultural pestis and other rough-cut louse species .
Whistlecraft , J.W. 1985.Mass - rearing technique forAleochara bilineata(Coleoptera : Staphylinidae).Journal of Economic Entomology78(4):995 - 997 . Describes a aggregative - rearing system subject of bring forth 10,000 adult per week with five hour of labor . Further inside information on rearingDeliaspecies are available inThe Handbook of Insect Rearing , Vol . II , P. Singh and R.F. Moore , eds . New York : Elsevier . 1985 . 514 pp .
Yepsen , R.B. , Jr. , ed . 1984.The Encyclopedia of Natural Insect and Disease Control . Emmaus , Pa. : Rodale . 490 pp . The purpose of diatomaceous solid ground or ash around the base of plants is advocate here , but no selective information is provide on its efficacy .
Rose Diseases
Evans , E. , J. Marshall , B.J. Couzens , and R.L. Runham . 1970.The curative bodily function of non - ionic surface fighting agent against some powdery mildew disease . chronological record of Applied Biology65:473 - 480 . A research newspaper publisher indicating the curative effect of soaps and detergents on powdery mildew .
Forsberg , J.L. 1975.Diseases of Ornamental Plants . Urbana - Champaign : University of Illinois College of Agriculture ( Special Publication 3 ) . 220 pp . This issue include concise description of the biological science of common disease pathogens such as rose powdery mildew .
Horst , R.K. 1983.Compendium of Rose Diseases . St. Paul , Minn. : American Phytopathological Society . 50 pp . A scholarly school text on the biology and ecology of roseate disease .
Kirby , A.H.M. , and E.L. Frick . 1962.Greenhouse evaluation of chemicals for control of powdery mildews : Experiments with Earth’s surface - combat-ready agents . Annals of Applied Biology52:45 - 54 . This paper suggest that the interest in using soaps against mildews goes back many geezerhood .
Perera , R.G. , and B.E.J. Wheeler . 1975.Effect of piss droplet on the development of Sphaerotheca pannosa on roseate leaves . arrangement of the British Mycological Society64(2):313 - 319 . This paper discourse how water sprays can be used to swim spores of powdery mildew on rose plants .
Sztejnberg , A. 1979.Biological control of powdery mildews byAmpelomyces quisqualis . Phytopathology69(9):10 - 47 . This study demonstrates the potential for using beneficial fungi to control powdery mold .
Wheeler , B.E.J. 1973.Research on rose powdery mold at Imperial College . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society98:225 - 230 . This paper bear excellent advice on cultural method for preventing or controlling powdery mold .
Yarwood , C.E. 1939.Control of powdery mildew with a H2O spraying . Phytopathology29:288 - 290 . This rattling paper documents Yarwood ’s personal experience using H2O sprays to prevent powdery mold outbreak on roses .
Ziv , O. , and H. Hagiladi . 1984.Control of powdery mildew on hydrangea and crepe myrtle with antitranspirants . HortScience19(5):708 - 709 . This paper documents the effectualness of antitranspirants in forestall powdery mildew eruption . This technique has been used successfully on the lilacs at Longwood .
Snails and Slugs
Cole , H.N. 1984.Settling the grade with snailsHelix aspersa , Rumina decollata . Organic Gardening31(3):86 - 90 . admit suggestion for using barriers and other non-poisonous control techniques .
Fisher , T.W. , I. Moore , E.F. Legne , and R.E. Orth . 1976.Ocypus olens : a predator of the dark-brown garden escargot ( Helix aspersa ) , biological control . California Agriculture30(3):20 - 21 . Describes the origin and effectiveness of this rove beetle against the garden snail .
Fisher , T.W. , and R.E. Orth . 1975.Differential susceptibility of the browned garden snail , Helix aspersa , to metaldehyde . California Agriculture29(6):7 - 8 . This newspaper reports that there are indication of snail electrical resistance to metaldehyde .
Fisher , T.W. , and S.C. Swanson . 1980.Snail ( Rumina decollata ) against escargot ( Helix aspersa ) , biologic control . California Agriculture34(11/12 ): 18 - 20 . Describes the effective control of the brownish garden snail by the predatory snail .
Fisher , T.W. , and S.C. Swanson . 1982.Snail Against Snail : Rumina DecollataAgainst the Vegetable Garden PestHelix Aspera , Biological Control in California . Van Nuys , Calif. : Sunkist cultivator . 2 pp . Further evaluations of the use of the predatory snail in citrus grove in California .
Godan , D. 1983.Pest Slugs and Snails . New York : Springer - Verlag . 445 pp . An authoritative intensity on the biology and mastery of pest gastropods .
Orth , R.E. , I. Moore , and T.W. Fisher . 1975.A rove beetle , Ocypus olens , with potency for biological control condition of the browned garden snail , Helix aspersa , in California , including a key to the Nearctic species ofOcypus . Canadian Entomology107(10):1111 - 1116 . This issue stop information that is utilitarian for identify the different rove beetles .
Orth , R.E. , I. Moore , and T.W. Fisher . 1975.Biological notes onOcypus olens , a predator of the dark-brown garden snailHelix aspersa , with verbal description of the larva and pupa ( Coleoptera : Staphylinidae ) citrus pest . Psyche82(3/4):292 - 298 . A treatment of the biology ofOcypus olens , an introduced predator .
Picart , F. 1978.Escargots from Your Garden to Your Table : How to Control , Raise , and Process Common Garden Snails . Santa Rosa , Calif. : F. Picart . ( Available from : F. Picart , c / o Snails , 1550 Ridley Ave . , Santa Rosa , CA 95401 . ) This short Quran has legion recipes and drawings as well as effective information about escargot management and fosterage .
Symphylans
Edwards , C.A. 1958.Ecology of class Symphyla , Pt . I : population . Entomologia Experimental and Applied1:308 - 319 . This article suggests that symphylans are found in grassland , wood litter , cultivated soils , and greenhouse soils . Up to 88 million per acre were found , with the greatest number seen in glasshouse grime .
Edwards , C.A. 1959.A revision of the British class Symphyla . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 132 : 403 - 439 . This taxonomic revisal summarizes late biologic entropy on the edict class Symphyla and its two kinsperson . Keys and illustrations are admit .
Edwards , C.A. 1959.Ecology of symphyla , Pt . II : seasonal soil migrations . Entomologia Experimental and Applied2:257 - 267 . This clause detail issue from greenhouse and field sites on vertical drift within the soil of two symphylans . One , Scutigerella immaculata , is an economical pest , the other , S. vulgaris , is believed to exist on decaying subject and grunge microorganisms . Even under adverse soil conditions , growing industrial plant attractedS. immaculatato the control surface .
Edwards , C.A. 1961.Ecology of symphyla , Pt . III : factors ensure grunge dispersion . Entomologia Experimental and Applied4:239 - 256 . As well as summarizing former body of work , this theme shows that symphylans transmigrate in reply to land moisture and can not live when the relative humidity is less than 100 % . The most favorable condition are territory temperature in the range of 59 ° F to 70 ° F ( 15 ° coke to 21 ° vitamin C ) and a relative humidness in the soil of 100 % , with grow plants at the grease airfoil .
Harpenden Laboratory . 1981.Symphylids . Northumberland , England : Ministry of Agriculture , MAFF Harpenden Laboratory Entomology Department ( Leaflet 484 ) . 6 pp . This bulletin contains hard - to - chance information on ethnical direction of symphylans .
Michelbacher , G.E. 1938.The Biology of the Garden CentipedeScutigerella Immaculata . Newport . Hilgardia . 11:55 - 148 . An extensive work on the biota , environmental science , and control ofS. immaculataunder California conditions .
Rude , P.A. 1982.Integrated Pest Management for Tomatoes . Berkeley : University of California Agricultural Sciences Publications ( Publication 3274 ) . 104 pp . This leaflet is the generator of the recommendation to rotate symphylan - susceptible tomato with a harvest of sorghum to boil down symphylan numbers .
Swenson , K.G. 1966.Infection of the garden symphylan , Scutigerella immaculata , with the DD-136 nematode worm . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology8:133 . This study reports thatSteinernema feltia (= Neoaplectana ) carpocapsaeDD-136 is open of infesting the garden symphylan ( Scutigerella immaculata ) in the science laboratory .
Whiteflies
Mound , L.A. , and S.H. Halsey . 1978.Whiteflies of the cosmos : A Systematic Catalogue of the Aleyrodidae ( Homoptera ) with Host Plant and Natural Enemy Data . New York : John Wiley . 340pp . This book list the 1,156 Aleyrodid species in the mankind , and describes their taxonomy , geographic distribution , host plant , and natural enemies . The introduction has a short overview of whitefly biology .
Chapter 14 Webography
Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management . http://icwdm.org/
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